Quand on Parle du Loup French Proverb Meaning

Quand on Parle du Loup French Proverb Meaning Articulation: Quand on parle du loup (on en voit la line) Elocution: [ka(n) to(n) parl du loo] Which means: Speak of the fallen angel (and he shows up) Strict interpretation: When you talk about the wolf (you see its tail) Register: ordinary Notes The French precept quand on parle du loup is utilized simply like the English coincidentally, when you are discussing somebody who shows up right at that point or soon after. Its fascinating that with regards to the two articulations, the discussed individual is alluded to as mean or underhandedness the demon is more awful than a wolf, obviously, however the last is as yet thought to be a savage creature. Its likewise charming that in English, the fiend shows up totally, in a manner of speaking, while in French you just observe the loups tail. By one way or another the last appears to be increasingly foreboding as though its sneaking up on you. Model Je pense que Benoã ®t est un vrai... tiens, Benoã ®tâ ! Quand on parle du loupâ ! I think Benoã ®t is a genuine... hello, Benoã ®t! Coincidentally!

Philosophical Reflections Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Philosophical Reflections - Assignment Example My ethical convictions follow back to what my folks instructed me when I was a youngster, subsequently the rule that I attempt to apply towards others is to do as I would be finished by; be that as it may, I need to concede that I regularly disregard this brilliant guideline of morals and act the manner in which it is advantageous for me, which later makes me embarrassed about my activities. The brilliant principle is the center of my strict morals, as religion assumes critical job in my life and I realize that it is religion that have instructed me to consider others before accomplishing something. I trust in God, since He drives me all through my whole life and perhaps now and again I don’t acknowledge it, toward the day's end I comprehend that there is some heavenly power that conveys me to where I am and guards me despite this regularly brutal world. With respect to the post-existence matter, I sincerely can’t remark on this theme, as my religion says that undoubtedly it exists; however I don’t depend on it and don’t anticipate that it should come, since I attempt to live where I am presently. Truth be told living presently is the thing that causes me to feel that my life has an importance and it is living itself. I appreciate each second of my life and this is the central matter. Nonetheless, I despite everything have long-running plans, for example, I need to make my family glad and build up success in my life. Concerning truth, I think it is relative and every single individual comprehends it in an unexpected way. In spite of the fact that I accept that I think - along these lines I exist and this is the without a doubt thing I really have faith in and almost certain it is reality. I am a free character inside the extents of the opportunity I need; I don’t need intervention in my life to feel that I’m allowed to do anything; aside from this, by and large I can settle on my own decisions thusly I’m free. Thus, one more thing that makes me free is my readiness to assume liability for my choices, as though I didn’t take it, this would imply that another person took it for me, and that

Crime Law Essay Online For Free - Free Essay Example

The approach within this assignment will firstly review the failings of both Fred Churchill (Contractors) Ltd for the unlawful depositing of waste around the city of Nottingham together with the incident which relates to Brockwell and the pollution of the river Trent. Both cases will be reviewed as under s85 of the Water Resources Act 1991 (the Act). Finally a review of mitigation circumstances with a review of sentences may be appropriate in respect of any guilty parties who could be convicted. Section 85 of the Act identifies the fact that every person not to cause or knowingly permit polluting substances1 to enter in to a controlled Water. This source is a statutory obligation and is not found in the law of tort. If a company permits an operation on his land which could give rise to pollution then a risk assessment must be completed in order not to fall foul of s85 of the Act2. Section 85 relates to the keeping of streams free from pollution for the benefit of mankind including flora and fauna. Most significant acts of pollution will arise out of agricultural, commercial or industrial activities. 1 This terminology is not identified with the 1991 Act, for terminologies relating to poisonous noxious and polluting in relation to s85 these may be located within National Rivers Authority v. Biffa Waste Services Ltd [1996] Env LR 227 DC and R v. Dovermoss [1995] Env LR 258 CA (Crim Div). 2 Express Ltd v. Environment Agency [2005] 1 WLR 223 at [24] DC The damage caused by such pollution may take years to repair and often costs for the clean up process that can run in to millions of pounds. The act of pollution may or may not be a result of negligence and can be caused by a person such as a workman, fitter in a fairly low position of the company. Brockwell is similar to the case of Empress Car Co (Abertillery) Ltd v. National Rivers Authority [1998]2a, as within Empress, the first point to emphasise is that common sense answers to questions of causation will differ according to the purpose for which the question is asked. Questions of causation often arise for the purpose of attributing responsibility to someone, for example, so as to blame him / her for something which has happened or to make him / her guilty of an offence or liable in damages. In such cases, the answer will depend upon the rule by which the responsibility is being attributed. Since Empress, s85 cases that have come before the Court of Appeal have involved other issue s rather than the causing offence, some cases have been brought to the Court of Appeal in relation to the level of fine imposed and who was actually criminally liable for the s85 breach. Therefore it is important within Brockwell to identify a suitable level of fine or imprisonment. 2a Empress Car Co (Abertillery) Ltd v. National Rivers Authority [1998] 2 WLR 350; [1998] UKHL 5; [1999] 2 AC 22; [1998] 1 All ER 481. Where Lord Hoffman gave the leading judgement of the Court in which he laid down five key guides for judges and magistrates who might be faced with determining the question of who or what had caused a water pollution incident. A diesel tank within a yard controlled by the company drained in to a nearby river. The tank was surrounded by a bund, but this protection was breached by a pipe to a drum outside the bund. When someone opened the diesel tap, fuel flowed in to the drum which overflowed causing the pollution. It was held that whether a defendant caused an escap e in to a river was not defeated by an additional intervening cause. The question was, had an act been done and did it contribute foreseeably to the escape. Acts of third parties and natural events are not defences to the strict criminal liability imposed by section 85(1) of the Act, for polluting controlled waters unless they are really exceptional events. The court discouraged too mechanical, an approach to causation. Wolf and Stanley on Environmental Law, Routledge, 5th edition, 2011, pg 148. Water Resources Act 1991 s85 S85 of the Water Resources Act 1991 (the Act) indicates Civil penalties that may assist in a more effective regulation system and this is likely to be used in areas such as illegal waste disposal. In the area of water pollution there are many grounds for assuming that the importance of criminal prosecutions is set to continue. The Environment Agency has published a detailed prosecution code3, whereas, generally the Agency issues a low level set of fines, therefore it is unusual for custodial sentences to be used. The use of custodial sentences for environmental harm applies when it is a repeated or blatant offence and where in a public place the offence is such as to subject the public to hazardous substances as in R v OBrien and Enkel4 or even community orders for polluters as in Environment Agency v UCE Ltd (Ipswich Magistrates Court June 2010)5. This gives rise to the need to consider each case on its own merit rather than using the sentencing advisory panels advice. 3 Env ironment Agency guidance for the enforcement and prosecution policy https://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/regulation/31851.aspx 4 R v OBrien and Enkel [2000] Env LR 156 where illegally storing waste tyres at an unlicensed site gave rise to an eight month prison sentence for OBrian. On appeal the Court of Appeal quashed the sentence as it was regarded to be too excessive. 5 Environment Agency v UCE Ltd (Ipswich Magistrates Court June 2010) in 2008, A trail of blue-black liquid in Flowton Brook and Belstead Brook, Ipswich, in a series of incidents led Environment Agency officers to an illegal waste site run by Paul Arthur Fenton. They found mixed waste and liquid waste being stored without environmental permits and signs that some waste had been burned nearby. Ipswich Magistrates Court issued a community order requiring Fenton to undertake 240 hours unpaid work and ordered him to pay  £8,000 towards Environment Agency costs for breaches of the Water Resources Act, Environmental Permitting Regulations and Environmental Protection Act. https://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/news/117824.aspx accessed June 2010. There is evidence that Brockwell were negligent in their operation through the actions of their employees and it is not uncommon for the environment agency to proceed with a prosecution for both s85(1) and 85(3) offences, on the proviso that elements of the case can be established. Within the case of Fred Churchill (Construction) there is a breach of Environmental Protection Act 19906 although not a breach of s85 of the Act, as there is insufficient evidence that the illegal dumping of the removed substance leached or could have leached in to the River Trent. Areas to be considered within the case of Brockwell Who will prosecute? The case of Brockwell will be subject to the Environment Agency (the Agency) bringing a prosecution with respect to s85(1) of the Act for a water pollution incident. Exercising its prosecutable discretion7 the Agency will likely take in to account several factors, which include the seriousness of the incident and any past polluting records from the polluter. 6 Environmental Protection Act 1990 7 Discretion to Prosecute and Judicial Review Hilson, [1993] Crim LR 739 Another area to be considered is the deterrent effect of a prosecution for both would be polluters and the actual polluter. The Environment Agencys Enforcement and Prosecution Policy8 clarifies that a prosecution will be perused when an evidence test is satisfied and that a prosecution is in the public interest. Therefore foreseeability is a relevant factor when the Agency is using its common sense to decide whether an individual caused a polluting event, as in NRA v. Wright Engineering Co. Ltd [1994]9 and Al phacell Ltd v. Woodward [1972]10. The importance as to the protection of the environment is demonstrated within Cambridge Water Co v. Eastern Counties Leather Plc. [1994]11. Therefore in the context of the Brockwell case, the common sense causation is that Brockwell caused the pollution, although it was through the act of a third party (an employee) and therefore the company is liable for a prosecution under s85(1) of the Act. Alternatively there are cases where the duty of the causation rule to take precautions to prevent loss caused by third parties as identified within Stansbie v. Troman [1948]12. The example of Stansbie demonstrates that a common sense answer to the question of causation for the purpose of attributing responsibility under the same rule without knowing such rule cannot be given. 8 Environment Agency Enforcement and Prosecution Policy (November 1998) 9 NRA v. Wright Engineering Co. Ltd [1994] 4 All ER 281 10 Alphacell Ltd v. Woodward [1972] AC 824, 847 a-b 11 Cambridge Water Co v. Eastern Counties Leather Plc. [1994] 2 AC 264, 305f 12 Stansbie v. Troman [1948] 2 KB 48 Therefore is the duty of a s85(1) prosecution includes a responsibility for acts of third parties. It is clear that the liability identified within the Act is strict and therefore it does not require mens rea in the sense of intention or negligence, the offence within this case is that of public nuisance as in Alphacell Ltd v. Woodward. Nuisance Is an interference with an occupiers use or enjoyment of land where there has been substantial injury to property or personal discomfort. This is evident within the Brockwell case, as there is evidence of death fish; this would quite possibly cause a nuisance for the local angling population and therefore should be taken in to consideration when summing up of the case is commenced. The Hoffmann Test Causation Within Empress, Lord Hoffmann attempted to encapsulate the law on causation, by providing magistrates guidance on s85 prosecutions therefore being able to forestall13 any likelihood of future appeals. The true common sense distinction14 which Lord Hoffmann made between causation and breaking the chain of causation by the defendants acts, omissions or polluting event has been applied to several cases and would be applied in this instance within the case of Brockwell. 13 Journal of Planning and Environment N Parpworth Law 2009, Who may be liable for an offence contrary to s85 of the Water Resources Act 1991 14 Empress [1998] 1 All ER 481 at 491 HL Causation The meaning causation is well defined within the House of Lords decision in Alphacell Ltd v. Woodward [1972] and within Empress Car Company (Abertillery) Ltd v. NRA [1998]. The test within the Alphacell decision relates to the simple decision on causation and requires that the defendant simply carries on with an activity which causes a pollution incident. The courts have repeatedly indicated that the notion of causing is one of common sense. The decision and subsequent judgement from Lord Hoffman in Empress will be relevant to the proceedings within this case as Lord Hoffman laid down five key guides for magistrates and judges to follow. Firstly that the court should require that the prosecution identify what the defendant has done to cause the pollution. Secondly that the prosecution need not prove that the defendants actions caused the immediate pollution, If it is then established that the defendant did do something, it is then up to the court to decide that the defe ndant did do something to cause the pollution. The defendant did something which produced a pollution event by the efforts of a third party. The decision would also take into account whether the pollution act was a normal event or something extraordinary, for example an act by a third party or by a natural event. If the matter concerned an ordinary occurrence, then a break of the chain of causation would not occur and the defendant would be liable for causing the pollution. Only abnormal or extraordinary events can break the causation chain15. The chain of causation is evident, as Brockwells employees ignored systems and procedures for the disposal of a chemical by pouring the chemical in to a sluice gate, which flowed in to the controlled water. This would indicate that the companies procedural and employee training systems were not well controlled; therefore the company is negligent within its actions. Additionally within Brockwell there appears to be no abnormal or ex traordinary events that would have caused the break of the chain of causation. Negligence Water pollution is subject to Strict Liability under Common Law, this means that it is irrelevant if the defendant intended to cause the pollution incident. Liabilities for the pollution of groundwater may give rise to an action for negligence or nuisance as in Rylands v. Fletcher LR16, where negligence arises from a failure to exercise the care demand in the circumstances, as a plaintiff must show that he is owed a duty of care, that the duty has been breached and that any harm suffered is due to the breach that the plaintiff is owed. 15 Environmental Law Wolf and Stanley, Cavendish, 4th Edition, Chapter 4 p 141 16 Rylands v. Fletcher [1868] LR 3 HL 330 [1861 73] All ER Damages may be awarded upon proof that the harm caused was foreseeable by the defendant. Negligence would be placed upon Brockwell as the employees poured the chemical in to the sluice rather than disposing of the chemical correctly as per the companys operational guidelines. Rylands Rule The rule in Rylands v. Fletcher is where the land owner is strictly liable for the consequences of escapes from his property and where the land owner is engaged in a non-natural use of his land. Discussion of how the three points within Rylands apply in cases involving water pollution may be found in the land mark decision of the House of Lords in Cambridge Water Co Ltd v. Eastern Counties Leather Plc [1994]16a. This case is likely to have significant impacts in the future development of the law in this area for some considerable time and would be considered within the case of Brockwell. Acts of third parties including vicarious liability There is a well established principle within the law of tort that an employer is vicariously liable for the omissions or acts of his / her employees which is committed during the course of their employment. 16aCambridge Water Co Ltd v. Eastern Counties Leather Plc [1994] 2AC 64 Within a criminal context vicarious liability may be found and where it does exist it will be identifiable through the words of an offence creating provision. As within s85 (1) of the Act vicarious criminal liability can be imposed, although the Act does not expressly impose vicarious liability, as in National River Authority v. Alfred McAlpine Homes East Ltd[1994]17. In the event of substances that escape and pollute controlled waters from a companys premises, the company cannot escape a conviction for causing a water pollution event by blaming one of its employees who was the cause of the pollution (on proviso that the employee was acting within the terms of their employment something that will b e raised within the BP oil spill within the Gulf of Mexico). Criminal offences may be divided in to those that require full mens rea and that of strict liability. The definition of strict liability offences is where mens rea is not required in relation to one or even more elements of actus reus. The defendant company will be held vicarious liable for the acts and omissions from its employees, as identified within NRA v. McAlpine Homes East Ltd [1994], where it was identified that it is not necessary for the prosecution to prove that the managers who control the company were directly involved in the incident. 17 National River Authority v. Alfred McAlpine Homes East Ltd[1994] 4 All ER 286 QBD Knowingly permitting It is accepted that it is necessary to prove knowledge as to the circumstances of actus reus. S85(1) and s85(3) of the Act identify offences where actions of companies knowingly permitted pollution to controlled waterways. Liability for a companys knowledge of knowingly permitting is identified within the Act yet it still fails to prevent the action. As it is necessary to establish that the defendant knew about the water pollution, this offence is not an offence of strict liability as identified within Schulmans Inc v. NRA [1993]18. The case Price v. Cormack [1975]19 offers a useful insight into an offence of knowingly permitting. Discharge S 85 (3) of the Act identifies the term of discharge the identification is more restricted than that of the identification of the entry20 term. The terminology discharge is identifiable with the entry into controlled water by way of means of a pipe, channel or conduit, a substance that pollutes such a water course. It is not known as if Brockwell holds a discharge consent order, if they had then the subsequent pouring of the chemical in to the sluice would have constituted a breach of such an order which would constitute a breach of strict liability. 18 Schulmans Inc v. NRA [1993] Env LR Div 19 Price v. Cormack [1975] 1 WLR 988 20 Entry is identified within s85(1) and refers to a wide range of scenarios in which polling matter enters controlled waters. The term covers situations where polluting matter is deliberately introduced within controlled water. Each occasion a breach is identified a s85(6) offence is committed, although if the breach is minor then the Environ ment Agency is unlikely to prosecute as in Seven Trent Water Authority v. Express Foods Group Ltd [1988]21. Mitigating circumstances Whilst it is evident that Brockwell did in fact cause a pollution event in to a controlled waterway, the fact remains that the employees who created the pollution act for the company have been identified and corrective actions have been initiated. These facts should be considered when sentencing is summed up. If this was the first pollution case for Brockwell, then sentencing should reflect this on off incident. Although if this a subsequent case, then sentencing should reflect a continual failing to control polluting substances therefore issuing a stiffer penalty not exceeding the sentencing guidelines as in s85(6 a,b)22 similar to Robertson v. Dean Foods Ltd Sheriff Court (Tayside, Central and Fife) (Kirkcaldy) [2010]23, a small price for polluting the environment. 21 Severn Trent Water Authority v. Express Foods Group Ltd [1988] 22 On a summary conviction, which is either imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months, or a fine not exceeding  £20,000 or both, wit h the term of imprisonment not exceeding two years. 23 Robertson v. Dean Foods Ltd Sheriff Court (Tayside, Central and Fife) (Kirkcaldy) [2010] GWD 8-139. SEPA officers were alerted to a problem following a call on 19 July 2008 to SEPAs 24 hour pollution hotline, and on attending the officers saw dead fish, including trout, eels, minnows and sticklebacks. The source was narrowed down to a discharge point downstream of Redford Bridge. These deaths may have affected fish stocks for some time, as mature sea trout that would have spawned in the autumn were killed, having an impact far wider than the number of dead fish seen at the time. The exact charge D pled guilty to was on a controlled activity, namely an activity liable to cause pollution of the water environment in that he did discharge chicken slurry into the surface drain at Sheep Pens via the railway drain without the authority of an authorisation under the after-mentioned Regulations; contrary to the Water Environment (Controlled Activities) (Scotland) Regulations 2005 Regulation 5 and 40(1)(a) and the Water Environment and Water Services (Scotland) Act 2003 Section 20(3)(a). D was fined  £3,750 Sentencing The area of criminal litigation within the field of environmental litigation is ready for a review24 as the case of Environment Agency v UCE Ltd [2010] where 240 hours of community order were issued and a fine of  £8,000. Even from this case there is evidence that we are still using an antiquated 19th century legal system rather than a 21st century one25. At present any fines which are raised against a defendant go directly in to the treasury and not back in to the benefit of the environment. As indicated by the UCE case fines are small and sentences even smaller. Similarly within R V. Milford Haven Port Authority [2000]26 where Lord Bingham LJ did not feel that he could do more than draw attention to the factors which were relevant to sentence. Within R. v. Anglian Water Services Ltd27 a case where pollutants killed fish where as a river was polluted over two kilometres and serious damage was done to the wildlife and fish that lived in it. The case had been committed to th e Crown Court due to the magistrates declining jurisdiction. 24 Environmental Law, D, Hughes, T, Jewell, N, Parpworth, P, Prez, Butterworths, 4th Edition 2002 p 48 25 Environmental Law, D, Hughes, et al p 48 26 R v. Milford Haven Port Authority [2000] JPL 943 27 R. v Anglian Water Services Ltd Court of Appeal [2003] EWCA Crim 2243; [2004] 1 Cr. App. R. (S.) 62; [2004] Env. L.R. 10; [2004] J.P.L. 458; (2003) 147 S.J.L.B. 993; Times, August 18, 2003; The court had found that Anglian Water was grossly irresponsible in its failure to have a safety system in operation. Anglian water contested that the Act was not a criminal one since s85(3) did not require mens rea. Interestingly Anglian water submitted that there was no causative culpability and that a high fine would impact upon investment. It was held by the court allowing the appeal that the original fine was manifestly excessive for a single offence and was reduced to  £60,000. The offence was a strict liability offence whereas cases had to be considered on their merits. Anglian water had acted promptly to limit the damage and made sure measures were taken to prevent a recurrence. Additionally Anglian Water had pleaded guilty and there was no question of Anglian Water having deliberately cut corners to save costs. However, the fine had to be at a level to make an impact on the company to overcome any suggestions that it was cheaper to pay fines than undertake any work that was necessary to prevent the offence in the first place. In this case the magistrates appeared to have been correct to refuse jurisdiction and they should always do so if they thought an offence under s 85 may warrant a fine in excess of  £20,000. Conclusion If the object of Criminal Law is to prevent the occurrence of damaging actions which affect society, then it would be non productive for the Courts to turn a blind eye to cases which are caused by accidents, carelessness or negligence. The question of motivation of Brockwells employees is in the first instance, irrelevant28. Brockwells management admitted liability for the acts of its employees and by using the Anglian Water case against the scenario of Brockwell there would appear to be a similarity. Brockwell indicated admittance to their act, the question would be as to what size is the polluting company and therefore how large would the fine be. Taking in to account the Anglia Water case it would appear that the amount could be not in excess of  £20,000 and more within the region of around  £3,000 to  £5,000. Within the case of Fred Churchill (Construction) as previously mentioned there is a breach of Environmental Protection Act 1990 and not a breach of s85 of the Act. Within the information provided there is insufficient evidence that the illegal dumping of the removed substance leached or could have leached in to the River Trent. 28 B Wootton, Crime and Criminal Law 2nd Edition, London, Sweet and Maxwell 1981 at 47 Therefore with respect to the Act, there would be no case to bring against Churchill (Construction). Will it ever be satisfactory for environmental law to be dependable on guidelines developed for another area of law29? 29 Wasa International Insurance Co Ltd v. Lexington Insurance Co [2009] HL 40

The Downfall Of Positive Psychology - 1654 Words

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Thinking Like A Genius, And The Similarity Of Creative...

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Rethinking is the first step to creative problem solving. Looking at problems in many different ways is important. Thinking a problem through what, who, where, when, why and how, which are known as 5W1H or Kipling Method, is a scientific way leading us to clarify or understand something in more depths, as the related information become measureable, understandable and manageable. Visualizing is the second approach to create problem solving. In general, we should use diagrams or images to analyze the problems. Ang Lee said, â€Å"I m experienced enough toShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Success? Wealth and Support? or Opportunity and Talent? (Malcolm Gladwell)790 Words   |  4 PagesWhat is Success? Wealth And Support? Or Opportunity And Talent? Every author is different than one another. Some write fiction, some write non-fiction. Others like to argue and introduce their theories and ideologies to the world. 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Andy’s strategic approachRead MoreA First Rate Madness By Nassir Ghaemi1524 Words   |  7 PagesKennedy. The book demonstrates how the mental illnesses within a person makes for a better leader. The author does this by taking italian psychiatrist Cesare lombroso’s view of insanity= genius. Mahatma Ghandi and Martin Luther King were very similar leaders, and I learned that perhaps this was because of the similarities they had in mental illnesses. The book demonstrates this by saying: â€Å"They both attempted suicide as teenagers, endured at least one depressive episode in midlife, and suffered a veryRead MoreSchizophrenia And The Middle Of Creativity And Psychopathology2032 Words   |  9 PagesThe out-of-date issue of genius and madness has incited long standing open and clinical hobby among researchers. In spite of the fact that amiableness has different parts than creativity (e.g., insight) and is established in a social setting, it is hard to envision an uncreative genius. 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Economic analysis of Apple Inc. free essay sample

The primary purpose of this report is to execute an economic analysis on Apple Inc. We will review the impacts that the competitive market has had on Apple, since it was founded in 1976. This report will detail how Apple Inc. is both a dire example of the adverse effects of monopolistic competition on a company as other companies into the market; as well as an exceptional example the economic rewards yielded by innovation and brand differentiation within a competitive market. An analysis of Apple Inc would be incomplete without reviewing its past and present competitors. Reviewing these competitors will help the reviewer gain insight into comparative advantages held by other companies and the economic impact this has had on Apple Inc. this report will review the industry as a whole in order to understand the impacts of industry level supply and demand upon Apple Inc. The report will briefly examine the impact of market prices and international trade as an aspect of this report. More importantly, it will review specialization is  undertaken by Apple Inc and the economic benefits gained by this course of action. Essentially, the economic view of Apple Inc is looking a company set within the market structure of monopolistic competition and how it has successfully used innovation and branding to turn itself into a pseudo-oligopoly despite competitors continually entering the market. Industry analysis Reviewing Apple Inc involves investigating the competitors that almost led to the demise of Apple Computers Inc in 1996, as well as understanding how current competition is allowing Apple Inc to dominate its niche market. In truth, international trade is more of an aspect of the computing industry than a contributing factor. Only the smallest company would fail to market their products internationally. Personal computing is one of the most significant contributors to employing labor abroad because of production costs. Constant technological advancements drive ever-increasing productivity in this industry. Efficiency and output are as a result ever changing the better. Personal computers Apple Inc continues to produce innovative personal computers. As detailed in the following section on Apple computers, the demand for Apple computers has been diminished by the limitations Apple has on complimentary products. Dell and Hewlett-Packard are the primary competitors in the personal computer market. Both of these companies are substantially larger and offer substitute products that are highly sought after due to the compatibility. Dell made significant inroads by offering easily accessible custom-built personal computers over the phone and online (they overshot the former PC manufacturer giant and have more than double the sales of Apple). This gave them a comparative advantage at the time. Hewlett-Packards advantage (almost five times the annual sales) stems from the market share they have gained by providing their products to corporations. The way Apple creates its market share is by creating product differentiation from these other computer manufacturers within the monopolistic competition market structure. This innovation and brand differentiation of the sole drivers behind the demand for Apples personal computers. As per normal with the demand curve, Apple would be able to sell more if they lowered their prices, thus sliding  right on the demand curve to a lower price and a higher quantity. However, such action would not be profitable for Apple as it has a lower profit margin on the personal computers. (Apple Inc 2006 Financial Statements) Computer software In the simplest terms, Apples market share in computer software is limited by two factors. Apple simply lacks the relative size and market share to threaten the near monopoly created by Microsoft (the near-monopoly is evident when you see that Microsoft consistently has a 20 to 30% net profit margin annually). Secondly, Apple software is limited to its own personal computers. Thereby, its lack of market share in the personal computer market as detailed above limits much of its software sales. That being said, Apple has a distinct niche market when it comes to multimedia software. Typically, individuals working in the multimedia industry (or in education) or having a hobby pertaining to multimedia specifically seek out Apples software (even if it requires the procurement of an Apple personal computer). This demand is fundamental to the current and ongoing success in computer software market. iPod and iTunes Since its launch in 2001, the iPod has dominated the personal music market internationally. Regular updates have driven continued demand for the product line. This innovation has made consumers with adequate cash unwilling to seek substitutes. Nonetheless, due to growing market demand more companies are entering the personal music device market they simply tend to vie more with each other than with Apple. The typical iPod consumer replaces their iPod with another iPod. This shows how relatively inelastic the demand for iPod is; after all, all the competitors entering the market of bringing the equilibrium markets price of these devices down. Apples innovation does not stop with the iPod, the iTunes service has also undergone constant updates, improvements, and innovations; and thus setting apart from its competitors. In 2006, fifty percent of Apple sales came from the music related products. While companies such as Dell and Napster have attempted to provide some of the supply to the iTunes demand curve, they have not successfully created a substitute for this market, and have thus been unable to steal market share from Apple. There is one distinct  differentiation between iPod and iTunes in that the iTunes market is substantially more elastic. Consumers have driven many of the prices iTunes towards market equilibrium to the other companies with substitute offerings. Company analysis Apple Inc could be considered to have had two life cycles. First as the leading edge personal computer manufacturer it once was, and secondly as the dominant force of personal portable music that it is today. Each of these two cycles carry with it great economic value in being able to recommend future economic actions for Apple Inc to take in order to prosper in today and tomorrows economic markets. Apple Computers Inc The transition from Apple Computers Inc to Apple Inc is significant. It is an exceptional example of what can happen to a company that fails to have a comparative advantage or even meet industry standards within their market. Apple Computers was originally established to fulfill market demand for personal computers. Figure 1a demonstrates how the increase in demand created a shortage in the market for personal computers. Suppliers were initially slow to respond to the increase in market demand. Some felt that the increased demand was temporary and did not choose to pursue the market opportunity. However, a number of companies chose to enter into the market to fulfill the need. Figure1b demonstrates how the increased demand being met by increased supply initially led to increased prices. However, the influx of additional suppliers drove the figure 1b supply curve to the right causing a return to the initial market equilibrium price. In the computer market however, and additional impetus occurred driving the supply curve even further to the right. Not only did additional suppliers enter the market, technology advances increased the output that each supplier could produce using their inputs. This led to an substantial increase in the supply of personal computers as well as a drop in overall market prices. As we can see in figure 1c the market was ultimately provided with a substantially higher quantity of personal computers as demanded by the market by the lower price. Consumer demand is always an inverse relationship between price and quantity, as typically consumers would prefer more normal goods as the price decreases. However, it is important to realize that the  playing field was not equal for Apple Computers Inc. Their initial branding created by unique and technologically advanced offerings was quickly eroded as time passed and other manufacturers gained a comparative advantage by offering products they had more compatible economic compliments (such as Microsoft, printers, and other peripherals) as offered by the increasing number of software and peripheral suppliers. Failing to have the compliments offered by other computer suppliers would lead to significant reduction in quantity demanded of their products, as consumers chose personal computers substitutes offered by other manufacturers that were more compatible with the ever-increasing offering of complimentary add-ons and software. Apple Inc have stated before, Apple Inc continues to produce innovative personal computers. However, fifty percent of Apples 2006 sales were music related products. There is no doubt that this is where Apples comparative and competitive advantage in the market lays. In fact, the name iPod has become synonymous with a personal music player. Although the manufacturer of personal music players is considered monopolistic competition due to the number of firms and the differentiation of products, Apple has created a pseudo-oligopoly for itself by being able to create a service offering (i.e. iPod) that is in such high demand, and is considered by consumers to be so unique and innovative that the price is set more by Apple then by the market. While other manufacturers continue to produce personal music players in higher quantities and lower prices, the Apple iPod has not been subject to this price reduction. T he iPod line is therefore relatively price inelastic (up to a point), as consumers typically will not accept substitutes despite the fact no competitor offers a product as expensive as the iPod. Innovation Apple creates a substantial amount of the demand for its products through innovation. Not only did they embrace updating the product line, they are also renowned for tapping into human capital to facilitate their innovation. This allows them to constantly be innovative unlike many companies that need to specifically purchase innovation developed by smaller companies. They also create substantial efficiencies by hiring people that are the best in their fields. This can be evidenced in the 2006 growth: with 25% growth in  human capital Apple managed to achieve a 49% growth in net income despite only a 38% growth in sales. This shows how the efficiency and innovation have also help facilitate their economic profitability by bringing down their average total cost. Profitability The loyal consumer base helps Apple maximize their profits. Typically, in monopolistic competition, companies have to accept the price set by the market. However, due to brand differentiation and relatively inelastic consumer demand, Apple is not forced to set their output to win their marginal revenue equals their marginal cost. There are currently in the short run position of being able to generate economic profits. They are allowed to set their price and the level whereby average total cast at their output level is lower than the marginal cost and marginal revenue. Without this brand differentiation, they would be forced to drop their prices to zero economic profit, by producing only to where the price level marginal costs an average total costs were equal. Apple also uses price discrimination to help its bottom line. Ten percent of its 2006 revenues came from the education field. Apple not only offers products specifically geared towards educational institutions, it also offers them much of its product line at reduced prices. This is always been a productive and profitable area for Apple. However, companies such as Dell are beginning to erode this market for Apple. If Apple continues its price discrimination along with unique product offerings it may be able to hold onto this profitable area. However as other companies enter into this market it may no longer be profitable for them to continue with these practices. Profitability will begin to erode as other companies with suitable substitute products enter into the market dropping Apples economic profits. There is a clear distinction between competitors was simply enter the market versus those that enter the market and offer a suitable substitute. Until a suitable substitute for the iPod product line is brought to the market, Apple will continue to be able to drive their prices higher than the market equilibrium their competitors are being forced to accept. The only way they can continue to maintain their short run economic profitability is by continuing to drive their innovation such that the demand for their products tends towards being less elastic thereby allowing them to someone inflate  their prices and thus increase the short run economic profitability. Recommendations Moving forward Apple Inc should embrace that which has made it successful today, while paying heed to the lessons it learned in the past. Personal computing  Apple has found great success creating in niche market with its innovation this makes them hard to find an exact substitute for when consumers seek out their brand’s innovations. Conversely, they have also failed to gain significant market share due to the comparative advantage held by the competitors owing to the fact that they lack the interoperability with other computing compliments most notably Microsoft, which dominates the personal computing world with an almost monopoly like hold. Moving forward, I would recommend that Apple continue to find integration points with existing hardware compliments (such as printers and other peripheral devices) as well as developing a computer line there is able to run the Microsoft line of software. They need to do this without compromising the technology and innovation that has set them apart to date. In order to do this, I believe that it is vital that not all of the Apple products switch to using the Microsoft operating system. Ideally, the Macintosh operating system should be enhanced to support of the Microsoft office suite without Apple actually switching to the Microsoft operating system. Conclusions Apple is definitely headed in the right direction with its focus on its economically key profit generators. The expansion of the retail shops has proven in winning strategy, and moving forward will be crucial in creating market demand for the Apple line of products. Apple has already started making strides towards interoperability. Since 2005, they have begun working with Intel in order to create a more standardized platform that would allow for greater utilization of available personal computer compliments. They need to continue working on this while retaining their innovative design standard, as this set them apart and creates demand for their products. Already the market share in profitability of other personal computer suppliers is waning. If Apple and create an opportunity for itself it will create specific demand for its products. It has to do this before the  decline of the primary competitors in this market, or other suppliers will step up and fulfill current market demand thereby usurping the place that Apple is striving to fill in the market. Finally, Apple will continue to build upon their unprecedented success in the personal portable music market. They need to continue to develop and expand their line. New, innovative, original and unique iPod and iTunes offerings will continue to draw in consumers. Competition will continue to grow stiffer is more suppliers attempt to grab part of Apples $9,561,000,000 music related pie. Innovation and brand differentiation will be the only way to maintain their market share. With these three focuses, Apple is poised to remain in market leader in coming years.

Internet Tech Essays - Internet, New Media, Scientific Revolution

Internet Tech The Internet links people together via computer terminals and telephone lines (and in some cases wireless radio connections) in a web of networks and shared software. This allows users to communicate with one another wherever they are in the "net." This Internet link began as the United States military project Agency Network Advanced Research (ARPANET) during the Vietnam War in 1969. It was developed by the United States Department of Defense's (DOD) research people in conjunction with various contractors and universities to investigate the probability of a communication network that could survive a nuclear attack. For the first decade that the Internet was in existence, it was primarily used to facilitate electronic mail, support on line discussion groups, allow access to distant databases, and support the transfer of files between government agencies, companies and universities. Today over 15 million people in the United States and approximately 25 million people worldwide access the Internet regularly, including children. Many parents believe that depriving their children of the opportunity to learn computer skills and access the knowledge available on the Internet would give them a distinct technological disadvantage as they enter the twenty first century. Portelli and Mead state by the year 2002, the reported number of children who access the Internet from home is projected to increase from the current 10 million to 20 million (6). In addition to home access, Poretelli and Meads further stated that as of 1997 the percentage of United States schools that offered Internet access as a part of their regular curriculum was over sixty percent. There were over nine thousand public libraries across America in 1997, sixty percent of these offered on-line access to its users (7). In view of this information, one can concluded that the on-line percentage for both schools and libraries has increased notably since 1997 and the number continues to grow as more of these facilities "plug in and log on." Whether at home, at school, or at the public library, children are accessing the Internet. The word "children" is somewhat ambiguous considering the range of ages that it encompasses. For instance, eighteen is the normally accepted age at which a child reaches legal adulthood; therefore, "children" would refer to any age between birth and seventeen. Porterfield stated that a study conducted in 1997 by Gateway 2000, a leading computer manufacturer, concluded that most children Internet access and computer skills typically commence with their school work. Although in some cases it may be earlier and in some later, the typical age at which a child begins to learn computer skills are kindergarten age, or age five. For example at the Children Television Work Shop website, a young child can click on a query and in a few days an E-mail arrives. For the purpose of this analysis, the broad word"children" will be condensed to contain two age groups -- elementary level, ages' 5-12, and secondary level, ages' 13-18. At either level, the World Wide Web poses clear dangers to children. These children grow up enlightened with technology, which they take for granted and know exactly how to use it. Most parents are not conscious of what lies behind that innocuous screen. If you give one's child carte blanche use of a computer attached to a modem, it is as serious as handing a ten-year-old the car keys and telling them to have a good time. These "cyberchildren" are vulnerable to potential dangers as a result of Internet use. These perils include contact with dangerous individuals, exposure to sexually suggestive materials, exposure to explicit conversations and obscenity in chat rooms, and access to violent interactive games. One very dangerous downside to Internet communication is its potential for the telling of untruths. One can never be certain at any given time to whom one is talking or if the conversation is sincere and truthful. Clothier state that a recent issue of Yahoo! Internet Live reported that almost half of the Internet users they had questioned lied occasionally while on-line and ten percent were untruthful fifty percent of the time (2). Asch state that Gateway Global Research surveyed six hundred families in the spring of 1998. This research revealed that seventeen percent of elementary and middle school children lied about their age, or sex while chatting on-line (E1). This fibbing among peers is not where the danger lies. The real peril exists in those other, older individuals who purposefully lie with the intent to harm. Parents can no longer assume their children are safe because they are at home and the door is locked.

buy custom Inflammation and Neuronal Degeneration essay

buy custom Inflammation and Neuronal Degeneration essay ) How the complement cascade participates in neural disease and precipitates injury. The complement system helps antibodies and other immune cells to destroy pathogens from an organism. It forms part of the immune system that does not change and an individual is born with it. The system and part of the innate immunity can also act together with the adaptive immunity. The complement system is made up of a number of proteins found in the circulatory system, synthesized by the liver, and circulates as inactive precursors also called pro-proteins. When the system is stimulated by one of several triggers, proteases cleave certain proteins to release cytokines and start an amplifying cascade of more cleavages (Boglio 89). The result of the activation cascade is a large amplification of the response and activation of the membrane attack complex. Many proteins and fragments make up the system, including receptors in the cell membrane and proteins in serum all of which make up about 5%of globulin in serum. Three pathways initialize the system: the mannose binding lectin pathway, classical pathway, alternative pathway (Rother 68). The main features of the system are lysis which involves rupturing membranes of foreign cells, Opsonization which is enhancing phagocytosis of antigens, clumping of antigen-bearing agents, Chemotaxis where there is an attraction of macrophages and neutrophils. Complement opsonins for example, Clq and C3b interact with surface complement receptors to promote phagocytosis while complement anaphylatoxins C3a and C5a initiate local pro-inflammatory responses that contribute to the protection of the host. Activation of the system to a higher extent has been thought to promote injury to tissues. There is evidence showing that the system is implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders including the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. Deposition of complement proteins correlates with areas of demyelination and axonal loss observed in EAE and complement inhibition ameliorates disease. However, the precise mechanisms underlying complement-mediated damage are still largely unknown (Alt 98). The recent use of transgenic animals is beginning to make it clear on the significant additions of the different complement activation pathways in the pathogenesis of experimental demyelin ation. Although the liver is the major source of complement, glial cells and neurons in the CNS can produce most of the 30 different proteins that make up the complex complement cascade. C1q, mannose binding lectin, and C3 stimulate the activation and chemotaxis of inflammatory cells, promote phagocytosis, and facilitate lysis by the membrane attack complex and Levels of complement components are increased in Huntington's disease (HD) Complement activation products, including the membrane attack complex, colocalize with amyloid plaques and tangle-bearing neurons in Down's syndrome. Using differential mRNA display, C1q B-chain mRNA was found to be strongly increased in an experimental model of prion disease (Rother 23). Complement activation can lead to the formation of C3 convertases, multiprotein enzyme complexes that cleave the secreted complement factor C3 into C3a and C3b. The C3a can promote chemotaxis of phagocytic cells. C3b binds covalently to acceptor molecules, initiating formation of the MAC and cell destruction. C3b deposition starts the phagocytosis process of the complement system through receptors that are found on macrophages. Host cells are normally covered from complement activation and self to self attacks by complement proteins bound on the membranes that regulate the system. Whether complement activation in neurodegenerative disorders represents an appropriate injury response or results from an impairment of these regulatory systems remains to be determined (Sherwood 61). 2) The role of the complement cascade in neural disease and injury precipitation. Inflammation is recognized in science as a protective response by a host to injury that has occurred due to physical trauma or infections by pathogenic organisms. It is characterized by features of swelling, redness, pain and heat. But despite its protective role, it also has diverse side effects on the host due to mediators released during this process (Blass 98). In the central nervous system, inflammation is implicated in a wide array of disease pathogenesis including diseases like schizophrenia, Alzheimers, Parkinsons disease and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. The inflammatory mediators implicated in the pathogenesis include adhesion molecules, complement system, cyclooxygenase system (both the enzymes and products) and cytokines. All the above mentioned components of the inflammatory pathway play a critical role not only in the defensive aspect of the process but also the injurious and albeit unwanted consequence therein. In the central nervous system, they are implicated in the neuronal injury that is a distinct characteristic of all the above mentioned diseases. This is due to the fact that years of research have shown that they are increased in levels in patients with the mentioned conditions. This fact cannot be debated since the use of therapeutic inflammatory modulators has shown success in neurodegenerative conditions such as multiple sclerosis (Blass 89). Although inflammation is essentially a protective event, it may lead to damage of host tissue around the site of the inflammation. For one to unerstand how the injury occurs, it is vital that one knows the events in inflammation. During tissue injury, either due to trauma or the offending toxins released by pathogens that have infected the host, the body releases an array of chemicals meant to carry out certain protective roles. The roles include; to recruit a large number white blood cells to the site of the event thus stopping the infection or preventing its further progression, to increase the blood flow to the affected region thus bringing more nutrition (oxygen and glucose) to the affected tissues and aid in removal of accumulated toxins, and to cause an increase in the size of the tissues (swelling) thus creating a walled off area from the rest of the surrounding tissue that is not affected. The chemicals/mediators that carry out this functions include; cytokines, Prostranoids, Kinins, substance P, Histamine, Serotonin and Nitrous Oxide ( Cutler 15). Cytokines are a family of chemicals that are key in the mediation of the inflammatory process. They are divided into interleukins and interferon. Further divided into those that enhance cellular immune responses, type 1 (IFN-, TGF-, etc.), and type 2 (IL-4, IL-10, IL-13) for antibody (Neal.R. 102). The brain has very distinct and unique features when it comes to inflammation and its response to inflammatory insults. The brain is described as an immunologically privileged site and the tight junctions of the cerebral vasculature prevent large molecules and cells from entering. The brain is also tightly confined in the cranium thus according very limited space for brain tissue swelling. Inflammation in the central nervous system has been implicated in both acute and chronic diseases. Most neurodegenerative central nervous system diseases are due to chronic inflammation. Multiple sclerosis, for example, is one of the most common of these diseases. The exact etiopathogenesis of this disease has not been fully unraveled (Wiley-Blackwell 45). But years of research have shown that inflammation has a key role to play, that of the autoimmune type. Evidence points to autoimmune condition that leads to T-cell activation and deactivation of suppressor T-cells leading to invasion of the central nervous system by the T-cells and macrophages (Prat et al. 2002). This leads to axonal demyelination, consequent degeneration and plaque formation. Both clinical studies and experimental studies (in mice immunized against myelin basic protein) have shown increased levels of TNF-alpha and INF-gamma, which are directly toxic to oligodendrocytes. These, effect on neurons, have been shown clinically. The autoimmune condition that causes release of these harmful cytokines has a snowball effect. The above cytokines lead to stimulation and production of more cytokine, therefore, leading to further disease progression and neurodegeneration. 3) The advantages and disadvantages of pharmacotherapeutics that target adhesion molecules and leukocytic infiltration into the CNS, such as in MS-spectrum disorders. The goal of pharmacotherauptic drugs acting in the CNS is to diminish or breakdown certain immune responses that are triggering by Multiple Sclerosis, while also causing minor side-effects, and not having to weaken the immunity of the body. Multiple sclerosis an autoimmune disease dealing with immune action targeted against central nervous system antigens (Sherwood 67). It is the most common inflammatory-demyelinating diseases targeting the CNS. With the support of the immune system participation in the progress of MS has grown, trials of many different new therapies to suppress the immune response and even alter the system are being conducted. Most therapies are still experimental. Data of recent randomized clinical trials are showing that immunosuppressive drugs that target adhesion molecules and leukocyte infiltration and methods can encouragingly affect the progress of Multiple Sclerosis. Toxic side effects often prevent their overall use. Immunosuppression of the host leaves the patient prone to a number of opportunistic infections. Amongst the many demyelinating conditions that have an effect on the CNS, those induced by an inflammatory process come out because of their relevance. The well described inflammatory-induced demyelinating condition is multiple sclerosis, but the immunity system response is a frequent pathogenic mechanism in less common diseases for example acute disseminated encephalomyelitis. Hence, changing of the immune system response is likely to be a best therapeutic choice. The introduction of these pharmacotherauputic agents has dramatically changed how neuro-degenerative diseases can be treated. These agents are immune-modulators, which in essence means, they can change the functioning of your immune system by suppressing or increasing in built immune responses. The more specific the specific target to be blocked is, the less the effect is to the other bodily functions, making the agent more effective. With the use of these agents in neuro-degenerative treatment, serious side-effects from treatment with the agents have been documented; even deaths have been noted with their usage. If there was a preexisting disease, such as tuberculosis or other serious diseases, the risk for severe side-effects from their therapy with these agents increases. Some research has shown their capabilities for increasing cancer through their actions on the body's immunity. Research into these drugs is still continuous and ongoing on the manny disadvantages as their long time use has not yet been documented (Alt 56). Pharmacotherapeutic therapy is very expensive and most times not a probable treatment choice. Their use is limited to those who can afford. Those agents that are approved for use in treating patients with neuro-degenerative diseases can be divided into three types: tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitors which block the chemical messengers, T cell modulators that get the T cells and cytokine inhibitors that block specific intercellular connections and all this block leukocyte infiltration and cell adhesions (Lezonni 56). Any increase in strength of multiple sclerosis drugs could affect with the protective immunosurveillance of the central nervous system. One probable impact is an increased prevalence of opportunistic diseases. An increased surveillance for central nervous system infections in the prospect of immunosuppression is important to avoid major side-effects (lezonni 78). Many of these drugs are very helpful in controlling some of these neuro-degenerative diseases, but due to the many side-effects their use is still debatable. 4) Promising targets of therapeutics to be used in treatment of neuroimmunological disorders and the possible impact of such therapeutics on disease progression. Research has been ongoing into the possible development of neurodegenerative disorders treatments. But the main hurdle most researchers face lies in the thin line between the helpful and detrimental effects of inflammation. Delineating these two has proved to be a major headache to researchers. Another major setback is the inability of scientists to be able to identify which specific inflammatory mediators are involved, and the role they play in the different types of acute or chronic inflammatory diseases. In acute central nervous system injury, for example stroke or brain injury, there is a lot of literature available on the specific types of mediators involved and their role. Most of this data was obtained from experimental rodent studies (Sluis 44). In acute injury, research has shown that general anti-inflammatory therapy is helpful in the prevention of serious brain injury. Drugs like aspirin and Statins have been shown to help in management of the above mentioned injuries. Although Statins are known to exert their effects on cholesterol and aspirin on coagulation, most schools of thought do not dispute their anti-inflammatory effect as contributory (John P 42). Apart from these well established drugs in use, research is ongoing to develop drugs that are more specific and target certain mediators. For example, a drug targeting interleukin-1(IL-1) is already in early safety trials and so far no adverse drug reactions have been reported. This drug, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), is being used to reduce levels of IL-1 during inflammation. Interleaukin-1 has been shown to be in increased levels in acute neurodegenaration. It has also been shown to play a role in fever development following brain injury (fever is very common and is detrimental sequelae of brain damage). By decreasing the levels of interleaukin-1, the drug is aimed at reducing the intensity of the inflammatory response and reducing the development of fever. Though this drug has shown so much promise, the main setback is that it is a large molecule and its bioavailability in the brain is reduced since the brain blood barrier keeps most of it out. Researchers are trying to circumvent this short coming by employing cleavage enzymes, soluble receptors and inhibition of expression (Robin Thorpe 67). Apart from targeting interleukin-1, other cytokines can also be targeted and modulated using pharmacological agents. Research on this front is still poorly advanced, but it is still a very promising one. Cytokines like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which are widely known to be involved in central nervous system inflammation, can also be targeted. They can either be targeted by employing receptor antagonists or enzyme inhibitors. This would consequently lead to a diminished inflammatory response. Apart from pro-inflammatory cytokines, another target site can be anti-inflammatory cytokines like interleukin-10, interferon-beta (IFN-beta) and transforming growth factor-beta amongst others. The data on just how much neuroprotection they accord are very limited, but facts point to their ability to reduce inflammation in the brain (Robin Thorpe 106). Pharmacological agents can be developed either as analogs of these chemicals or by increasing their production through enzyme activities. The inflammatory process can also be targeted by preventing activation of microglia cells. Microglias are types of glial cells that are macrophages in the spinal cord and the brain. They are thus the primary form of active immunological defense in the central nervous system. When activated, they take an amoeboid shape and release cytokines and other inflammatory mediators that lead to neuron degeneration (Blass 100). This modulation can be achieved be achieved by Inhibition of activation, Regulation of chemokine receptor, Inhibition of amyloid deposition and Inhibition of cytokine synthesis. These are just but a few of the targets than can be isolated in the neuroimmflammatory pathway and appropriately modulated to reduce neuronal destruction in neurodegenerative process. By modulating the inflammatory process with the right drugs, the disease process can be halted, and even reversed in the long run. Buy custom Inflammation and Neuronal Degeneration essay

Essay on The Problem Of Hiv / Aids -- Immune system, HIV, AIDS, Vaccine

Although HIV is no longer the death sentence it was back in the 80’s, it remains a thorn even in our modern societies. For instance, HIV treatment is exponentially expensive, and can only be afforded by people residing in developed countries. In fact most third world nations, are still in the 80’s as far as HIV treatment technology is concerned. In 2011 alone over two and half million people died of AIDS, with the continent of Africa topping the list (Gallo 267). With prices, for HIV medication up the roof and the virus becoming more resistant to medications there is nothing such as a happy ending for 50 million people world wide still leaving with the disease (Gallo 267). The clock is ticking not just for the forty million, but also, for the sci... ... middle of paper ... ...n the end only Kaprowsky knows . To even consider those who we trust with our life may have invented the worst disease that has cause over 26 million fatalies so far is unimaginable(Gallo 266). Hoopers theory is not neccesarily a smoking gun but it does raise questions on the credibility of doctors. Hoopers intentions in writing his book the river wasn’t to point a finger but to raise awareness of how often medical errors occur with the minority being used as the guinea pigs; Nevertheless, for magic and all the millions of people living with AIDS the fight continues, a fight to decrease aids fatalities and find a cure, in this fight only one person has been cured so far, the famous berlin patient but as for the other forty million there is reason to hope,that in this developing technology that one day AIDS will be a dark history, surely nothing lasts forever.

The Theme of Emancipation in A Doll's House & Girl by Jamaica Kincaid Essay

The Theme of Emancipation in A Doll's House & Girl by Jamaica Kincaid - Essay Example Both arms of the scale are equally important to strike the correct balance. Imbalance leads to many problems. Ibsen in â€Å"A Doll’s House† develops a powerful theme—that of emancipation of a woman. What can a doll do? It will be controlled by the string to which it is attached. It has no free movements of its own. That is the type of married life Nora and Torvald live. Nora’s submissiveness to him is seen in every aspect of her life; she is indeed the doll with human physical equipment (body) Forget the movements, even her thoughts are controlled by Torvald. A puppet has no existence of its own, and is totally dependent in its master as to what he will do with her. When Nora learns tarantella, the absolute controlling aspect becomes obvious. Out of sheer submission (and perhaps hidden fear in the mind) Nora pretends that she heeds him to relearn the dance and its each move. Torvald treats Nora like a sex object to be enjoyed at will. He takes her sexual submission for granted and as a matter of right for the husband. After he completes the session of teaching her tarantella dance, Torvald with the urge that reveals his craving for her body says, when she was gyrating, his blood was pounding and obviously he had strong urge for sex. He was constantly observing her physical assets and didn’t care much about her emotions. Nora was in no mood to respond and asked him to go away. Torvald reminded her that he was her husband. This adamancy on the part of Torvald indicates that as a husband he has the right to demand physical pleasure from his wife, at will! Torvald has poor opinion about Nora; he treats her like a child or a slave. She doesn’t have the freedom to spend the money which Torvald gives her on rare occasions. The following conversation reveals the essential gap in their mindset, when Torvald asks her whether she wants anything from him. Henrik Ibsen (2005, p.13) writes, â€Å"Nora :( speaking quickly) You might give me some money, Torvald. Only just as much as you can afford; and then one of these days, I will buy something with it. Torvald: But, Nora†¦. Nora: Oh, do! Dear Torvald; please do! Then I will wrap it up in beautiful gilt paper and hang it on the Christmas Tree. Won’t that be fun?†Torvald thinks that she would spend the money on children goods like candy and pastry. She has a fixed duty schedule of caring for the children, remain engaged in routine household work, and work on her needlepoint. She performs all her assigned duties, the main objective of which is to please Torvald. The issues raised in A Doll’s House by Ibsen, concern not a solitary case of Nora vs. Torvald, but the entire womenfolk of the Victorian Society. There were restrictions around women in every facet of their life. A Doll’s House is not the story of a House, but how the House assumes the form of the prison for the women. They have no freedom of free thinking and their mind is fettered. Nora was treated like a child by her father as well--that was the structure of the society as for the treatment for women! Her husband later dutifully took over the role of dominance. At every stage of life the growth of the women was curtailed. In many societies and in many households, the position of women, even today is comparable to the status of Nora. Even in some advanced countries, her position is equal as per the provisions of the Constitution only—the society still treats her as unequal with antiquated social views regarding women. It is a case of double fault. Women are inclined to use their feminine charm to secure what they want from men and remain satisfied at that level. This is the mindset that one sees in A Doll’s House. Men like Torvald are concerned about the controlling aspect and exercise

Relational Leadership qualities of Colin Powell and how he represented Essay

Relational Leadership qualities of Colin Powell and how he represented them - Essay Example Colin L. Powell was born in Harlem in 1937 and was the son of Jamaican immigrants who were very much involved in his education and personal achievement .Colin manifested both these qualities of a bright young man and a high achiever throughout his academic career. He was well aware of his humble beginnings and he makes some interesting reflections about that in his biographical accounts. "In the preface to his autobiography, My American Journey, Powell describes himself as "a black kid of no early promise from an immigrant family of limited means." The audiences who pay dearly to hear Powell speak these days understandably believe that the man who rose from such unpromising beginnings to become one of the most admired public figures in the world must have grasped the secrets of leadership early on. He clung to them dearly as he became the youngest general in the Army, then found his way to the seventh floor of the State Department. "When I go out and speak," says Powell, "I don't talk about the chairmanship and all that stuff. I talk about being a young second lieutenant at Fort Benning, Ga. Most of what I learned about leadership I learned in my first two months there."1 Colin Powell with his vision of success and promoting the ri... In the year 1986 he left Washington to serve as commander of the Fifth Corps in Germany and when he returned he became the Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs in Reagan's era. His excellent leadership qualities his 1991 service as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff made him a figure of national importancee during the successful Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm conducted to to expel the Iraqi army from Kuwait.He declined the opportunity to run for president in the year 1996. and has focused his efforts on his organisation ,America's Promise,since then which is an organization dedicated to creating opportunities for today's young people.This shows how his leadership has been instrumental in encouraging the youth population and also in paving the way for inspired young people. Powell's leadership His political views have been moderate and he has earned great respect with the American people as an inspiration towards all.As has been pointed out in the book "Exploring Leadership"he inspires people with his actions like a good leader should. Serving as the Secretary of State in the Bush administration, Powell was popularly perceived as moderate. Powell's great asset was his tremendous popularity among the American people. He has played a pivotal role after September 11,in the management of America's relationships with other nations in order to secure a stable coalition in the War on Terrorism.He has been a tactful leader and has paved the way for more moderate views amongst the Bush administration.He refused to go to the Iraq War unless the international community supported this decision and continued to be the saner voice

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While raining, your child walks six blocks to the bus stop with no shelter. When the bus finally arrives, it is in need of thirty minutes to get to school. Eventhough, there is a school a couple blocks down from their house, it is not even a thought in the eyes of the law due to the mere color of their skin. This is not just the story of Oliver Brown and his family, but many other families experiencing discrimination throughout the world. Brown was ready for a change, so he and the NAACP gathered evidence to take on the courts. Through the process of many getting denied the acceptance of their children in school, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People gathered evidence for a lawsuit against the courts. Oliver Brown and many others were tired of the saying seperate but equal and the inferiority they were given through out their lives. Instead of just accepting the opinions of others and sitting around wanting a change, they stood for what they believed in, beco ming the turning point in America. Judith Conaway was the author of the book Brown vs. Board of Education. In this book, Conaway describes in detail, the discrimination and experiences our ancestors had to go through. Through the triumphs they experienced, laws changed where segregation was abolished and everyone is equal. She says that the "supreme court had ruled that racial segregation in public schools denied African Americans equal protection under the law." She also said that the courts agreed that seperate schools harmed black children both academically and psychologically. For example, African American children would choose white dolls over black dolls because the black dolls were considered ugly with their heads down. This decision of the c... ...aiting for. We are the change that we seek. All in all, just like Oliver Brown and the NAACP , do not live life waiting for things to happen, take control of today and be the future of yet to come. If you live life in fear and accept what is handed to you, you can never succeed. The decision of Brown vs. Board of Education did not just effect our ancestors, if effected us today and future generations. It accomplished more than the abolishment of segregation in school, it abolished segregation laws throughout the world. I am able to go to school everyday knowing I am not being discriminated against because the color of my skin. Not only that, I am able to go to a restaurant, movie theater, and even a water fountain without a sign saying white or black people only. In my oppinion they constituted the future for my education, all those before me, and those to follow.

English: Literacy and Century Learners Essay

English is a widely-used language that is originally used by the countries United States, Great Britain, England and many more. English is the universal language because it is widely used by many people like Asians, Europeans, Africans and many more. However, how can we use English in shaping 21st century learners? English has many purposes that can help shape 21st century learners. One is we can use English in expressing our thoughts, ideas, feelings and many more. Because English is important, we need to use English precisely because if we don’t use our language properly it will result to different interpretations that will lead to chaos. Moreover, we need to master our skills in English in order for us to express what we know because in the future I believe that most of our professions need English as a medium for communicating. Another reason why we need to master English is today, many people are engaged into new technologies that requires new and different skills and that involves our literacy. Literacy demands nowadays, have changed along with the changes that happen in our world. Literacy is very important to a person because a literate person possesses a wide range of abilities and competencies compared to a person who is illiterate. Another reason why we need to master English is if we are communicating to a foreigner we use English as our medium of instruction in order for us not to misinterpret each other. Another purpose of English is to bring a new world. We can attain the world we wanted by using English in uniting all the people in the world because all of us wanted the same thing which is a new world. Another purpose is we can empower the voice of the youth with the use of English because I believe in the saying of Dr. Jose Rizal â€Å"ang kabataan ay ang pag-asa ng bayan†. Furthermore, we need to empower the voice of the youth because if we don’t empower them there will be no hope for our world and no great change will happen in this world we live in right now. English is the key to success. English can make us successful by making a great change through English because I believe language has a great influence and that influence is based on our decision if we want to make our world a better or a worse place. Another is we can be also successful in our lives through English because we use English as a medium of instruction at school and when we become successful in school there is a great chance that in the real life we become successful too. Another is if English did not existed we will not discover the technology we have now that helps in shaping up 21st century learners. Another is if English did not existed there would be no fun at all because there would be no tongue twister, poem, stories and many more. English plays an integral role in our daily lives so let’s give it up to the fullest.

Edna In The Awakening Novel - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 896 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/07/31 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Awakening Essay Did you like this example? In Kate Chopins novel, The Awakening, Edna, a strong, female character lead, ventures out of her comfort zone while breaking through the role appointed to her by society. Throughout the novel, Edna is seen discovering her own identity independent from her husband and children.   Edna is seen always harboring unrealistic dreams that cannot be satisfied, thus characterizing her as a rebellious and selfish adult. Ednas life is symbolized through a series of parrots, mockingbirds, and seagulls that all form personal and metaphorical connections of freedom between Ednas world and her eventual awakening in reality, resembling her literal imprisonment within this society.. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Edna In The Awakening Novel" essay for you Create order   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout the novel, countless references are made specifically involving parrots. One of which being Madame Lebruns caged parrot that shrieks Allez vous-en! Sapristi (Chopin, 26) at Mr. Pontellier. Thus resembling Ednas need to escape her middle-class life for freedom and space. Parrots are trained to only mimic what theyve heard symbolizing Ednas struggles to express herself because no one else does openly in this time period. This symbolizes Ednas literal imprisonment in this society. In, Edna and the Woman Question, Jules Chametzky states the struggle is for the woman to free herself from being an object or possession defined in her functions, or owned, by others (Chametzky, 236) despite her middle-class advantages. Furthermore, Ednas relation to parrots expands by their ability to silent themselves before being consigned to the regions of darkness (Chopin, 26). Only when a parrots cage is covered, does the parrot stay silent. This signifies Edna whe n she is with her family or husband. Otherwise, with the cage uncovered, a parrot has the right to speak. Such as to when Edna is alone, do her thoughts overcome her and she rebels. Therefore, Edna is characterized as the parrot herself, while Mademoiselle Reisz is specifically characterized as a mockingbird. This is because Mademoiselle Reisz is Ednas only friend who seems to understand her struggle in social and religious conventions. More specifically, Mademoiselle is seen playing the piano with songs that are not her own, such as a mockingbird who mimics sounds they hear. More precisely, the mocking-bird that hung on the other side of the door, whistling his flute notes out upon the breeze with maddening persistence (Chopin, 26) resembles Mademoiselle Reisz, herself. Instantly, in the beginning of the novel, both the parrot and mockingbird are seen being characterized as the same, trapped. However, the mockingbird also relates to Edna in several ways. Along with the parrot, the mockingbird is seen several times being shut-out, symbolizing, once again, Ednas imprisonment in society. Edna finally begins to realize that there is more to the world then a perfect marriage or family. Furthermore, Edna begins making connections between herself and the birds. For example, Edna is characterized as the literal parrot herself, while the other women in this society are the mockingbird because Edna had the courage to speak the language that no one else could. Edna would attempt to be understood, but the other women would just answer back with any coherent reply, although they understood exactly what she was speaking of. This issue was, the other women in society felt too afraid to stand up for themselves as Edna did. Unfortunately, it eventually led Edna into the darkest state of mind. Eventually, Edna feels isolated from society, loved ones, and herself. Which leads Edna out into the sea where A bird with a broken wing was beating the air above, reeling, fluttering, circling disabled down, down to the water (Chopin, 116) with her. The broken-winged bird symbolizes Ednas failure to fully free herself from this society. Ednas wings were too weak to hold herself up above the water before fully submerging. Edna, throughout the story, is seen trapped within a male dominated society, where she is unable to escape. Edna was seen willing to take any risky actions just to free herself from this society. This is why critics describe Edna as a rebellious and selfish adult. Never did Edna have a care for her children, Edna only thought of herself escaping from society. Overall, the birds symbolize Ednas female figure in society which provides a greater mean of emphasis on the progression of Edna throughout the story. In the end, it becomes clear that Edna has no means to fully assimilate herself with the ideal of society. This concept leads Edna to the pigeon house where she is able to eventually overcome the strength of the social and religious conventions that entrap her. However, it is Ednas isolation that leads Edna into her eventual awakening. It becomes clear that each bird was representing a new stage of Ednas awakening into reality. Ultimately, Edna moves into the pigeon house, which provides Edna with the comfort and security the old house lacked. The pigeon house proves to hold great importance in Ednas awakening journey because it signifies her quest for freedom and removal of herself from social order. The pigeon house allows Enda to feel, think, act, and dress how she wants too, without the worry of society. Unfortunately, Edna still s truggles with leaving behind the society she was stuck in. Edna still had her husband, her children, her friends, and her other lovers that trapped her from every leaving. Due to Ednas imprisonment in this society, it lead to Ednas wings becoming too weak to hold herself up anymore, thus, leaving Edna to drown in her own worries.